CHAPTER 7: STORING ORGANIZATIONAL INFORMATION - DATABASES

Storing Organizational Information - Databases

Relational databases fundamentals:
  • information is everywhere in an organization.
  • information is stored in databases.
    • Databases - maintains information about various types of objects (inventory), events (transactions), people (employees), and places (warehouses).
  • database models include:
    • Hierarchical database model - information is organizad into a tree-like structure (using parent/child relationships) in such a way that it cannot have too many relationships.
    • Network database model - a flexible way of representing objects and their relationships.
    • Relationship dataase model - stores information in the form of logically related two-dimensional tables.
Entities and Attributes:
  • Entity - a person, place, thing, transaction, or event about which information is stored.
  • Attributes (fields, columns) - characteristics or properties of an entity class.
Keys and Relationships:

  • primary keys and foreign keys identify the various entity classes (tables) in the database
    • Primary key - a field (or group of fields) that uniquely identifies a given entity in a table.
    • Foreign key - a primary key of one table that appears an attribute in another table and acts to provide a logical relationship among the two tables. 
  • potential relationship database for Coca-Cola.
Relationship Database Advantages:
  • database advantages from a business perspective include
    • increased flexibility
    • increased scalability and performance 
    • reduced information redundancy 
    • increased information integrity (quality)
    • increased information security 

Increased Flexibility:
  • a well-designed database should:
    • handle changes quickly and easily
    • provide users with different views
    • have only one physical view
      • physical view - deals with the physical storage of information on a storage device eg hard disk.
    • have multiple logical views
      • logical view - focuses on how users logically access information.
    • eg: a mail-order buss - 2 people view diff format (logical views) but same physical view.
Increased Scalability and Performance:
  • a database must scale to meet increased demand, while maintaining acceptable performance levels
    • Scalability - refers to how well a system can adapt to increased demands
    • performance - measures how quickly a system performs a certain process or transaction 
Reduced Information Redundancy:
  • databases reduce information redundancy 
    • Redundancy - the duplication of information or storing the same information in multiple places. 
  • inconsistency is one of the primary problem with redundant information-difficult to decide which is most current and most accurate. 
Increase Information Integrity (Quality):

  • Information integrity - measures the quality of information.
  • Integrity constraint - rules that help ensure the quality of information 
    • Relationship integrity constraint - rule that enforces basic and fundamental information-based constraints
    • eg. users cannot create an order for a nonexistent customer, provide a markup percentage that was negative etc.
    • Business - critical integrity constraint - rule that enforce business rules vital to an organization's success and often require more insight and knowledge than relational integrity constraints
    • eg. product returns are not accepted for fresh product 15days after purchase.
Increased Information Security:
  • information is an organizational asset and must be protected
  • databases offer several security features including:
    • password - provides authentication of the user
    • access level - determines who has access to the different types of information
    • access control - determines types of user access, such as read-only access 
Database Management Systems:
  • database management systems (DBMS) - software through which users and application programs interact with a database.
DATA-DRIVEN WEB SITES
  • data-driven web sites - an interactive Web site kept constantly updated and relevant to the needs of its customers through the use of a database.
Data-Driven Web Site Business Advantages:
  • Development
  • Content management
  • Future expandability   
  • Minimizing human error
  • Cutting production and update costs
  • More efficient
Data-Driven Business Intelligence:
  • BI in data-driven Web site
Integrating Information among Multiple Databases:
  • Integration - allows separate systems to communicate directly with each other
    • Forward integration - tkes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all downstream systems and processes
    • Backward integration - takes information entered into a given system and sends it automatically to all upstream systems and processes.  





2 NOVEMBER 2017
THURSDAY



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